Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, encompassing a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Recognizing cardiovascular disease symptoms early is crucial for timely treatment and preventing severe complications like heart attacks and strokes. This article highlights common symptoms, risk factors, and when to seek medical help.

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What Is Cardiovascular Disease?

Cardiovascular disease refers to conditions involving narrowed or blocked blood vessels, heart rhythm problems, heart muscle diseases, and more. Common types include coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke.

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Common Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease

Symptoms vary depending on the specific condition but often include:

1. Chest Pain or Discomfort

Often called angina, this symptom manifests as pressure, squeezing, or tightness in the chest. It may occur during physical activity or stress and typically eases with rest.

2. Shortness of Breath

Difficulty breathing can result from heart failure or reduced blood flow to the lungs.

3. Palpitations

An abnormal awareness of the heartbeat, such as pounding, racing, or irregular rhythms.

4. Fatigue and Weakness

Reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery can cause tiredness and lack of energy.

5. Swelling (Edema)

Fluid buildup in the legs, ankles, or abdomen may indicate heart failure.

6. Dizziness or Fainting

Reduced blood flow to the brain can cause lightheadedness or syncope.

7. Pain in Other Areas

Discomfort can radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, back, or stomach.

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Symptoms Specific to Certain Cardiovascular Conditions

• Heart Attack: Severe chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea.
• Stroke: Sudden numbness or weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, or loss of balance.
• Arrhythmias: Palpitations, dizziness, fainting spells.
• Heart Failure: Persistent cough, wheezing, swelling, fatigue.

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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Poor diet
• Family history of heart disease
• Age and gender (risk increases with age; men and postmenopausal women are at higher risk)

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When to See a Doctor

Seek emergency care if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath, sudden weakness or numbness, or severe dizziness. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious outcomes.

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Preventing Cardiovascular Disease

Healthy lifestyle choices are key to prevention:

• Balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
• Regular physical activity
• Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol
• Managing stress
• Monitoring and controlling blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels